Token-Curated Registry with Citation Graph

Authors

  • Kensuke Ito The University of Tokyo
  • Hideyuki Tanaka The University of Tokyo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.182

Keywords:

token-curated registry, mechanism design, peer prediction, PageRank, citation graph

Abstract

In this study, we aim to incorporate the expertise of anonymous curators into a token-curated registry (TCR), a decentralized recommender system for collecting a list of high-quality content. This registry is important, because previous studies on TCRs have not specifically focused on technical content, such as academic papers and patents, whose effective curation requires expertise in relevant fields. To measure expertise, curation in our model focuses on both the content and its citation relationships, for which curator assignment uses the Personalized PageRank (PPR) algorithm while reward computation uses a multi-task peer-prediction mechanism. Our proposed CitedTCR bridges the literature on network-based and token-based recommender systems and contributes to the autonomous development of an evolving citation graph for high-quality content. Moreover, we experimentally confirm the incentive for registration and curation in CitedTCR using the simplification of a one-to-one correspondence between users and content (nodes).

References

Agarwal, A., Mandal, D., Parkes, D. C., Shah, N. “Peer Prediction with Heterogeneous Users.” In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation ACM 81–98 (2017) https://doi:org/10:1145/3033274:3085127.

Asgaonkar, A., Krishnamachari, B. “Token Curated Registries-A Game Theoretic Approach.” arXiv (2018) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://www:arxiv:org/abs/1809:01756.

Balasanov, S. “TCR Design Flaws: Why Blockchain Needs Reputation.” Medium (accessed 15 April 2019) https://blog:relevant:community/tcr-design-flaws-why-blockchain-needs-reputation-c5771d97b210.

Brin, S., Page, L. “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.” Computer Networks and ISDN systems 30.1-7 107–117 (1998) https://doi:org/10:1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X.

Bulkin, A. “Curate This: Token Curated Registries That Don’t Work.” Medium (accessed15 April 2019) https://blog:coinfund:io/curate-this-token-curated-registries-that-dont-work-d76370b77150.

Dasgupta, A., Ghosh, A. “Crowdsourced Judgement Elicitation with Endogenous Proficiency.” In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web ACM 319–330 (2013) https://doi:org/10:1145/2488388:2488417.

Faltings, B., Radanovic, G. Game Theory for Data Science: Eliciting Truthful Information. San Rafael: Morgan & Claypool Publishers (2017).

Gneiting, T., Raftery, A. E. “Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 102.477 359–378 (2007) https://doi:org/10:1198/016214506000001437.

Goel, N., Filos-Ratsikas, A., Faltings, B. “Decentralized Oracles via Peer-Prediction in the Presence of Lying Incentives.” (2019) Presented at the 14th Tinbergen Institute Conference “Bayesian Crowd” at Erasmus University Rotterdam, 24 June 2019, https://lia:epfl:ch/~goel/upload/doc/papers/2019/goel_outside_incentives.pdf.

Goldin, M. “Token Curated Registries 1.1, 2.0 TCRs, New Theory, and Dev Updates.” Medium (accessed 3 April 2019) https://medium:com/@ilovebagels/token-curated-registries-1-1-2-0-tcrs-new-theory-and-dev-updates-34c9f079f33d.

Goldin, M. “Token-Curated Registries 1.0.” Medium (accessed 2 April 2019) https://medium:com/@ilovebagels/token-curated-registries-1-0-61a232f8dac7.

Gori, M., Pucci, A. “Research Paper Recommender Systems: A Random-Walk Based Approach.” In 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2006 Main Conference Proceedings) (WI’06) IEEE 778–781 (2006) https://doi:org/10:1109/WI:2006:149.

Gui, G., Hortacsu, A., Tudon, J. “A Memo on the Proof-of-Stake Mechanism.” arXiv (2018) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://arxiv:org/abs/1807:09626.

Haveliwala, T. H. “Topic-Sensitive Pagerank.” In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on World Wide Web ACM 517–526 (2002) https://doi:org/10:1145/511446:511513.

Hemenway Falk, B., Tsoukalas, G. “Token-Weighted Crowdsourcing.” SSRN (accessed 3 December 2019) https://dx:doi:org/10:2139/ssrn:3295811.

Hirsch, J. E. “An Index to Quantify an Individual’s Scientific Research Output.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102.46 16569–16572 (2005) https://doi:org/10:1073/pnas:0507655102.

Jurca, R., Faltings, B. “Enforcing Truthful Strategies in Incentive Compatible Reputation Mechanisms.” In International Workshop on Internet and Network Economics Springer 268–277 (2005) https://doi:org/10:1007/11600930 26.

Küçüktunç, O., Saule, E., Kaya, K., Çatalyürek, Ü. V. “Recommendation on Academic Networks Using Direction Aware Citation Analysis.” arXiv (2012) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://arxiv:org/abs/1205:1143.

Liu, X., Suel, T., Memon, N. “A Robust Model for Paper Reviewer Assignment.” In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems ACM 25–32 (2014) https://doi:org/10:1145/2645710:2645749.

Lockyer, M. “Token Curated Registry (TCR) Design Patterns.” Medium (accessed 3 April 2019) https://hackernoon:com/token-curated-registry-tcr-design-patterns-4de6d18efa15.

Mandal, D., Leifer, M., Parkes, D. C., Pickard, G., Shnayder, V. “Peer Prediction With Heterogeneous Tasks.” arXiv (2016) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://arxiv:org/abs/1612:00928.

Miller, N., Resnick, P., Zeckhauser, R. “Eliciting Informative Feedback: The Peer-Prediction Method.” Management Science 51.9 1359–1373 (2005) https://doi:org/10:1287/mnsc:1050:0379.

Nakamoto, S. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” (2008) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://bitcoin:org/bitcoin:pdf.

Nisan, N., Roughgarden, T., Tardos, E., Vazirani, V. V. Algorithmic Game Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2007).

No Author. “Gnosis Whitepaper.” Gnosis.io (2017) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://gnosis:io/pdf/gnosis-whitepaper.pdf.

No Author. “NEM Technical Reference.” nem.io (2018) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://nem:io/wp-content/themes/nem/files/NEM_techRef.pdf.

No Author. “Token Curated Registries — Messari - Crypto News, Pricing, and Research.” Messari (2018) (accessed 15 April 2019) https://messari:io/resource/token-curated-registries.

Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T. “The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web.” Stanford InfoLab (1999) (accessed 3 December 2019) http://ilpubs:stanford:edu:8090/422/.

Peterson, J., Krug, J., Zoltu, M.,Williams, A. K., Alexander, S. “Augur: A Decentralized Oracle and Prediction Market Platform.” arXiv (2015) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://arxiv:org/abs/1501:01042.

Saleh, F. “Blockchain Without Waste: Proof-of-Stake.” SSRN (2018) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://dx:doi:org/10:2139/ssrn:3183935.

Shannon, P., et al. “Cytoscape: A Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks.” Genome Research 13.11 2498–2504 (2003) https://doi:org/10:1101/gr:1239303.

Shnayder, V., Agarwal, A., Frongillo, R., Parkes, D. C. “Informed Truthfulness in Multi-Task Peer Prediction.” In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation ACM 179–196 (2016) https://doi:org/10:1145/2940716:2940790.

Token Curated Registry. “The Token Curated Registry Reading List.” Medium (accessed 15 April 2019) https://medium:com/@tokencuratedregistry/the-token-curated-registry-whitepaper-bd2fb29299d6.

Tsai, M.-H., Aggarwal, C., Huang, T. “Ranking in Heterogeneous Social Media.” In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining ACM 613–622 (2014) https://doi:org/10:1145/2556195:2556254.

Wang, Y. L., Krishnamachari, B. “Enhancing Engagement in Token-Curated Registries via an Inflationary Mechanism.” arXiv (2018) (accessed 3 December 2019) https://www:arXiv:org/abs/1811:09680.

Witkowski, J., Parkes, D. C. “Peer Prediction Without a Common Prior.” In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce ACM 964–981 (2012) https://doi:org/10:1145/2229012:2229085.

Cover image for Volume 4 of Ledger.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-13

How to Cite

Ito, K., & Tanaka, H. (2019). Token-Curated Registry with Citation Graph. Ledger, 4. https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.182

Issue

Vol. 4 (2019)

Section

Research Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
  2. Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
  3. The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
    1. Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
    with the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
  4. The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  5. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
  6. Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
  7. The Author represents and warrants that:
    1. the Work is the Author’s original work;
    2. the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
    3. the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
    4. the Work has not previously been published;
    5. the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
    6. the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
  8. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
  9. The Author agrees to digitally sign the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work.

Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.