Robotic Services for New Paradigm Smart Cities Based on Decentralized Technologies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/ledger.2019.177Keywords:
smart city, robonomics, cyber-physical systems, autonomous agents, EthereumAbstract
This article describes different methods of organizing robotic services for smart cities using secure encrypted decentralized technologies and market mechanisms—as opposed to models based on centralized solutions based (or not) on using cloud services and stripping citizens of the control of their own data. The basis of the proposed methods is the Ethereum decentralized computer with the mechanism of smart contracts. In this work, special attention is paid to the integration of technical and economic information into one network of transactions, which allows creating a unified way of interaction between robots—the robot economy. Three possible scenarios of robotic services for smart cities based on the economy of robots are presented: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), environmental monitoring, and smart factories. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scenarios, three experiments are presented and discussed. Our work shows that the Ethereum network can provide, through smart contracts and their ability to activate programs to interact with the physical world, an effective and practical way to manage robot services for smart cities.
References
Agrawal, S., Tiwari, G. N. “Performance Analysis in Terms of Carbon Credit Earned on Annualized Uniform Cost of Glazed Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector.” Solar Energy 115 329–340 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.02.030.
Angelidou, M. “Smart City Policies: A Spatial Approach.” Cities 41 S3–S11 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007.
Anthopoulos, L. G., Janssen, M., Weerakkody, V. “Comparing Smart Cities with Different Modeling Approaches.” In WWW ’15 Companion Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web New York: ACM 525–528 (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2740908.2743920.
Bigi, G., Bracciali, A., Meacci, G., Tuosto, E. “Validation of Decentralised Smart Contracts through Game Theory and Formal Methods.” In Programming Languages with Applications to Biology and Security Cham: Springer 142–161 (2015)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25527-9_11.
Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., Pescap´e, A. “Integration of Cloud Computing and Internet of Things: A Survey.” Future Generation Computer Systems 56 684–700 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2015.09.021.
Bulatov, V. “Consensus 2018 Hackathon: Economically Independent Sensor Networks Built in a Day.” Medium (2018) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://goo.gl/YyBtCs.
Capdevila, I., Zarlenga, M. I. “Smart City or Smart Citizens? The Barcelona Case.” Journal of Strategy and Management 8.3 266–282 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-03-2015-0030.
Castelló Ferrer, E. “The Blockchain: A New Framework for Robotic Swarm Systems.” In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2018 Cham: Springer 1037–1058 (2018) https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02683-7_77.
Castelló Ferrer, E., Rudovic, O., Hardjono, T., Pentland, A. “RoboChain: A Secure Data-Sharing Framework for Human-Robot Interaction.” arXiv (2018) (accessed 9 March 2019) http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04480.
Chauhan, A., Malviya, O. P., Verma, M., Mor, T. S. “Blockchain and Scalability.” In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C) 122–128 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1109/QRS-C.2018.00034.
Cocchia, A. “Smart and Digital City: A Systematic Literature Review.” In Smart City Cham: Springer 13–43 (2014).
Davidson, S., De Filippi, P., Potts, J. “Economics of Blockchain.” (2016) (accessed 9 March 2019) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2744751.
Farag, A. A. “The Story of NEOM City: Opportunities and Challenges.” In New Cities and Community Extensions in Egypt and the Middle East Cham: Springer 35–49 (2018).
Harz, D., Boman, M. “The Scalability of Trustless Trust.” arXiv (2018) (accessed 9 March 2019) http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.09535.
Hertig, A. “How Will Ethereum Scale?” Coindesk (2018) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://www.coindesk.com/information/will-ethereum-scale/.
https://doi.org/10.1109/RED-UAS.2017.8101648.
Iyer, K., Dannen, C. “Crypto-Economics and Game Theory.” In Building Games with Ethereum Smart Contracts Berkeley: Apress 129–141 (2018).
Jamil, M. S., Jamil, M. A., Mazhar, A., Ikram, A., Ahmed, A., Munawar, U. “Smart Environment Monitoring System by Employing Wireless Sensor Networks on Vehicles for Pollution Free Smart Cities.” Procedia Engineering 107 480–484 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.106.
Kapitonov, A., Lonshakov, S., Krupenkin, A., Berman, I. “Blockchain-Based Protocol of Autonomous Business Activity for Multi-Agent Systems Consisting of UAVs.” In 2017 Workshop on Research, Education and Development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (RED-UAS) 84–89 (2017)
Khassanov, A. “Testing the Game Robonomics Based on the Model Set Fischertechnik Controlled by PLC Siemens.” Youtube (2018) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjIB3-4kQ0A.
Kim, J. “Vitalik Buterin: Sharding and Plasma to Help Ethereum Reach 1 Million Transactions Per Second.” Cryptoslate (2018) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://goo.gl/pXWHCc.
Krupenkin, A. “Airalab - Duckietown Taxi Service.” Medium (2017) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://blog.aira.life/duckietown-taxi-service-db192f4ff6cc.
Kshetri, N. “Can Blockchain Strengthen the Internet of Things?” IT Professional 19.4 68–72 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2017.3051335.
Leitão, P., Karnouskos, S. (Eds.) Industrial Agents: Emerging Applications of Software Agents in Industry. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann (2015).
Li, W., Andreina, S., Bohli, J.-M., Karame, G. “Securing Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols.” In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology Cham: Springer 297–315 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67816-0_17.
Lin, H., Hu, J., Ma, J., Xu, L., Yu, Z. “A Secure Collaborative Spectrum Sensing Strategy in Cyber-Physical Systems.” IEEE Access 5 27679–27690 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2767701.
Lin, J., Yu, W., Zhang, N., Yang, X., Zhang, H., Zhao, W. “A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 4.5 1125–1142 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2683200.
Lonshakov, S., Krupenkin, A., Kapitonov, A., Radchenko, E., Khassanov, A., Starostin, A. “Robonomics: Platform for Integration of Cyber Physical Systems into Human Economy.” Robonomics (2018) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://goo.gl/pNH8wK.
Minoli, D., Sohraby, K., Occhiogrosso, B. “IoT Considerations, Requirements, and Architectures for Smart Buildings—Energy Optimization and Next-Generation Building Management Systems.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 4.1 269–283 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2647881.
Monzon, A. “Smart Cities Concept and Challenges: Bases for the Assessment of Smart City Projects.” In 2015 International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS) 1–11 (2015) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7297938.
Norta, A. “Creation of Smart-Contracting Collaborations for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations.” In International Conference on Business Informatics Research Cham: Springer 3–17 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21915-8_1.
Parthasarathy, A. “Robotics Will Be Mainstream in 2017.” The Week (2017) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/sci-tech/Robotics-will-be-mainstream-in.html.
Quigley, M., et al. “ROS: An Open-Source Robot Operating System.” In ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software 1–5 (2009) http://www.willowgarage.com/papers/ros-open-source-robot-operating-system.
Radziwon, A., Bilberg, A., Bogers, M., Madsen, E. S. “The Smart Factory: Exploring Adaptive and Flexible Manufacturing Solutions.” Procedia Engineering 69 1184–1190 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.03.108.
Schwandt, F. “Internet of Things (IoT) Connected Devices Installed Base Worldwide from 2015 to 2025 (in Billions).” Statista (2016) (accessed 10 September 2018) https://www.statista.com/statistics/471264/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide/.
Shuo, J., Yonghui, Z., Wen, R., Kebin, T. “The Unmanned Autonomous Cruise Ship for Water Quality Monitoring and Sampling.” In 2017 International Conference on Computer Systems, Electronics and Control (ICCSEC) 700–703 (2017) https:/doi.org/10.1109/ICCSEC.2017.8447040.
Skarmeta, A. F., Hernandez-Ramos, J. L., Moreno, M. V. “A Decentralized Approach for Security and Privacy Challenges in the Internet of Things.” In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) 67–72 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803122.
Stoelen, M. F., de Tejada, V. F., Huete, A. J., Balaguer, C., Bonsignorio, F. P. “Distributed and Adaptive Shared Control Systems: Methodology for the Replication of Experiments.” IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 22.4 137–146 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2015.2460911.
Strobel, V., Castell´o Ferrer, E., Dorigo, M. “Managing Byzantine Robots via Blockchain Technology in a Swarm Robotics Collective Decision Making Scenario.” In AAMAS ’18 Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems Richland: International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems 541–549 (2018) https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3237464.
Su, P. H., Shih, C.-S., Hsu, J. Y.-J., Lin, K.-J., Wang, Y.-C. “Decentralized Fault Tolerance Mechanism for Intelligent iot/m2m Middleware.” In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) 45–50 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803115.
Valavanis, K. P., Vachtsevanos, G. J. “Future of Unmanned Aviation.” In Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Dordrecht: Springer 2993–3009 (2015).
Waedt, K., Ciriello, A., Parekh, M., Bajramovic, E. “Automatic Assets Identification for Smart Cities: Prerequisites for Cybersecurity Risk Assessments.” In 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) 1–6 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC2.2016.7580812.
Wohrer, M., Zdun, U. “Smart Contracts: Security Patterns in the Ethereum Ecosystem and Solidity.” In 2018 International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE) 2–8 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1109/IWBOSE.2018.8327565.
Xu, X., et al. “The Blockchain as a Software Connector.” In 2016 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) 182–191 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2016.21.
Zhang, X., Gao, H., Guo, M., Li, G., Liu, Y., Li, D. “A Study on Key Technologies of Unmanned Driving.” CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 1.1 4–13 (2016) https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.trit.2016.03.003.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
- The Author agrees to digitally sign the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.